Why is Nineveh Important?
In the Word, Nineveh is mentioned by name twenty-one times. While compared to cities such as Jerusalem (which is mentioned over 800 times), Nineveh is scarcely a blip on the map. However, it does still have its importance—both biblically and historically.
Nineveh’s History:
Located on the banks of the Tigris river in modern day Iraq, Nineveh was positioned north-east of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah, some 550 miles from Jaffa, and comprised of around 1800-1900 acres.
Founded by Nimrod, the great-grandson of Noah, as early as 6,000 B.C., Nineveh was an important city both politically and biblically (Genesis 10). First serving as part of Nimrod’s kingdom, Nineveh eventually became not only an important city to Assyria, but Assyria’s capital city when Sennacherib—perhaps one of the most well-known and powerful Assyrian kings—chose it after coming to power in 705-704 B.C.
It was Sennacherib’s bid to create a legacy not attached to his father’s, not only because his father, Sargon II—creator of the Sargonid dynasty—had been exceptionally successful and therefore competition, but even more so because Sargon II had fallen in battle, a death considered ‘shameful’ and a believed punishment for sins against the gods. This was an association which the newly appointed king ruling over a cultish people would not have desired.
In addition to making Nineveh his capital city, Sennacherib expanded and enhanced the city. He began building bigger and better walls, a beautiful palace, irrigation systems, aqueducts, and other modern conveniences. And interestingly, he even began crafting gardens. In fact, many sources believe that the Hanging Gardens traditionally associated with Babylon, actually resided in Assyria’s capital of Nineveh and were created by Sennacherib himself! All of these improvements made Nineveh a display of wealth, splendor, power, and innovation. Yet, while Sennacherib did much to improve the city, the famous library of Nineveh did not fully come into being until Sennacherib’s grandson, Ashurbanipal, collected works from all over Mesopotamia, creating a library of over 30,000 works—primarily found in cuneiform.
This increase, however, did not last, and finally, with the death of Ashurbanipal, the height of the Assyrian people came to an end… their glory fading as Ashurbanipal’s sons fought for power, and in 612 B.C., Nineveh was sacked and burned by the Babylonians, Persians, and Medes.
Nineveh and God:
Before the burning of Nineveh, the city, while improving in her structure, did much to anger God…
During the majority of Nineveh’s existence, save for her early years and a short period of time after the city repented, Nineveh was a city largely devoted in worship to one of her many idols, the goddess Ishtar. Yet, in addition to the worship of the goddess Ishtar, they did not fail to observe and serve their other gods, demons, spirits, and ghosts of the dead—laying a firm groundwork for God’s displeasure.
However, the temples and idols devoted to these things rarely lasted because the city was built on a fault line. Due to the fault line, over the course of Nineveh’s thousands of years, there were often earthquakes which destroyed the works of the people… even those works meant for the worship of their goddess—such as in 2260 B.C., when the temple to Ishtar had to be rebuilt due to the prior temple’s destruction in an earthquake.
Interestingly, despite the long history of the city, it is believed that it was not a walled city until the 1,200’s B.C., when King Shalmaneser I built not only the walls, but a secondary palace. And, unlike the temples, we believe those walls and the walls built by Sennacherib and his descendants did last until the 612 B.C. three-month siege and subsequent annihilation of the city by the Babylonians.
Yet, Nineveh, besides its importance to the Assyrians, held a strong biblical importance. First, by being founded by an early descendant of Noah, later by its mention during the life of Jesus, and finally, and perhaps most importantly, by prophetic importance—the prophetic importance based on the words of the prophets Jonah and Nahum… of the troubles that would come to Nineveh due to her evils.
Nineveh Archaeologically:
Found in one of two mounds, Kouyunjik, at Nineveh, archaeologists uncovered the famous library of Ashurbanipal containing over 30,000 documents—many of which are currently being held in The British Museum, such as those shown below. While today many of these documents survive in fragments, their historic importance is extreme…
Source: The British Museum
Source: The British Museum
Source: The British Museum
Given the prominence of the city in its day, the finding of the library only further proves the political value of the city, as well as the value King Ashurbanipal and others had who believed in keeping records and knowledge via the written word. Yet, in addition to these often flat documents found in the library of Ashurbanipal, Nineveh contained many prisms often speaking of the exploits of Assyria, particularly of her kings.
(Source: British Museum. Circular Prism found in Nineveh.)
These prisms often recounted military exploits, such as the prism below, which speaks of the king of Assyria, Sennacherib, having trapped the king of Judah, Hezekiah, like ‘a bird in a cage.’ However, these prisms do not always tell the full story… for losses in battle, particularly if an entire military exploit failed, are rarely mentioned. For instance, with the prism below, Sennacherib fails to speak of his success or failure to actually take Jerusalem, and since he would normally have boasted, it is more likely that the biblical account of his failure is true… and that God defeated 185,000 Assyrians with one angel, causing Sennacherib to flee to Nineveh to meet his end at the hands of his sons. (2 Kings 19:35-37; Babylonian Chronicle; Nineveh Prism of Esarhaddon).
(Source: British Museum. Sennacherib or Taylor Prism recounting having the King of Judah—Hezekiah—trapped like ‘a bird in a cage.’ He omits his success or failure to capture Jerusalem after laying siege.)
Yet, even after the death of Sennacherib, the city and his palace lived on until 612 B.C., with Nineveh having spent close to one hundred years as Assyria’s capital and main kingly residence. In fact, with the reign of his grandson, Ashurbanipal—who built the famous library—the city increased further in grandeur, as did the temples to the goddess Ishtar, and the palace itself.
Indeed, the remains of the palace—primarily the creation of Sennacherib—though small in size due to the destruction of Nineveh, are beautifully carved and a testament to the city’s physical beauty—a stark contrast to the ugly violence practiced in many of her cultural aspects.
Yet, while the carvings themselves were beautiful, the reliefs that filled the palace contained everything from depictions of pleasant outings, such as the king in his chariot, to violent activities, such as the flaying of captives from the kingdoms of Israel and Judah…
(Source: British Museum. Prisoners and their families being led through a palm grove.)
(Source: British Museum. Chariots engaged in battle with a city scene above—the Assyrian three-story building, possibly Nineveh.)
(Source: British Museum. Assyrian soldier.)
(Source: British Museum. Assyrian camp; servants work in tents, priests perform ceremony in front of chariots.)
(Source: British Museum. Assyrian soldier with prisoner; entire panel includes many soldiers executing prisoners.)
(Source: biblearchaeology.org. Portion of relief depicting Elamites being tortured during the time of Ashurbanipal. From the palace of Sennacherib at Nineveh, now in the British Museum.)
Given the evils and brutality of Nineveh—despite its literary, technological, artistic, and military achievements—it is no wonder that most biblical mentions of the city reference its evil culture and the destruction of Nineveh to come. And indeed, while the advent of modern archaeology has allowed the city to be remembered for more than its destruction, its destruction is still perhaps its ‘greatest’ legacy.
As with Lord Byron’s 1815 poem entitled, ‘The Destruction of Sennacherib’—focused not on Nineveh, but on the failure of Sennacherib to capture Jerusalem and his death—we find that Nineveh’s evil and downfalls are its remembrance. A poignant reminder that the evils of the city, more so than her splendor, have not been forgotten…
“The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold,
And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold;
And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea,
When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee.
“Like the leaves of the forest when Summer is green,
That host with their banners at sunset were seen:
Like the leaves of the forest when Autumn hath blown,
That host on the morrow lay withered and strown.
“For the Angel of Death spread his wings on the blast,
And breathed in the face of the foe as he passed;
And the eyes of the sleepers waxed deadly and chill,
And their hearts but once heaved, and for ever grew still!
“And there lay the steed with his nostril all wide,
But through it there rolled not the breath of his pride;
And the foam of his gasping lay white on the turf,
And cold as the spray of the rock-beating surf.
“And there lay the rider distorted and pale,
With the dew on his brow, and the rust on his mail:
And the tents were all silent, the banners alone,
The lances unlifted, the trumpet unblown.
“And the widows of Ashur are loud in their wail,
And the idols are broke in the temple of Baal;
And the might of the Gentile, unsmote by the sword,
Hath melted like snow in the glance of the Lord!”
Source: British Museum
In the final part of this two-part series, we will explore the biblical significance of Nineveh and what we, as the One New Man, can learn from her past and implement today.
